Beyond Unequal Development : An Overview by

نویسنده

  • Andrés Solimano
چکیده

Introduction In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s development theory emphasized market failures, discontinuities, irreversibilities and excessive social inequality. The dominant development paradigm stressed the need for the state to create the adequate physical infrastructure, institutional and social conditions for development. This would entail implementing large scale public investment programs, planning and policies aimed at social modernization such as education, health, social protection and housing policies. In the 1980s and 1990s, this paradigm changed. Development problems were, in a way, reduced to growth problems; and the lack of sustained growth, particularly in the 1980s in Latin America, were described to obey, largely, to pervasive state interference in the market process both internationally through trade protection and nationally through overregulation of goods, capital and labor markets and extended state-ownership of national productive assets. Economic growth (material progress) became the main development goal in the policies known as the Washington Consensus. Growth was to be supported by (i) macroeconomic stabilization —understood basically as reducing inflation and cutting down fiscal deficits, (ii) structural reform policies viewed as trade liberalization, financial deregulation, privatization and a decisive shift to a smaller state. Previous concerns of development policy on reducing inequalities of income and wealth were eschewed in favor of an agenda dominated by macro stabilization and liberalization. The experience of the 1990s is showing that the combination of fiscal adjustment and market Beyond Unequal Development-3-liberalization, although necessary policy steps to reduce macro-imbalances and increase efficiency, are insufficient to bring about stable and equitable development. Reality is showing several difficulties of the adjustment and development process underestimated by the policies of the Washington Consensus, say: (i) The transition from low inflation to sustained growth and development is often long; (ii) an excessive emphasis on fiscal adjustment neglected the risks of premature financial liberalization, (iii) globalization has increased the frequency, scope and severity of financial and macro crisis, (iv) governance problems reflected in corruption, dysfunctional institutions and social conflict and are more pervasive than expected, (v) poverty is persistent and positively correlated with macro crisis, (vi) inequality of income and wealth both across and within countries is far from declining, on the contrary it seems to have increased in the last decade or so in Latin America. Addressing these issues may call for a rethinking of existing development paradigms. This chapter focuses on one, but important, dimension of the development process—namely inequality—and asks how we can move beyond …

برای دانلود رایگان متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

An Overview of the Artificial Intelligence Applications in Identifying and Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic

Intruduction: In late 2019, people around the world became infected with Covid-19 by the outbreak, the pandemy and epidemy of this disease. To this end, researchers in various fields are seeking to find solutions to the problems related to the control and management of crises. The transmission power of the new corona virus has drawn the attention of experts in the use of artificial intelligence...

متن کامل

Environment, Development, and Ecologically Unequal Exchange

I begin this paper with summaries of environment and development perspectives foundational to contemporary environmental sociology: ecological modernization theory and treadmill of production theory. Descriptions of the perspectives are provided as well as an overview of recent quantitative cross-national analyses that evaluate the propositions of both theories. Next, I provide a summary of eco...

متن کامل

An Overview of Novel Energy Storage Systems with Air Compression Method

With the increasing use of renewable energy systems and the volatility of access to this type of energy, needs energy storage systems to sustain the system. In the meantime, energy storage systems have distinct characteristics and applications, one of which is the compressed air energy storage system. In the present paper, the newest researches and novel systems in the field of energy storage b...

متن کامل

Investigating the Relationship between Health Expenditures and Human Development Index: A Cross Country Analysis

Abstract Background: In recent decades, the human development index has become one of the most practical indicators for measuring the level of development in countries. There are several factors that affect the human development index, including health expenditures that increase human development along with manpower and physical capital. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect ...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 1999